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The history of sentence spacing is the evolution of sentence spacing conventions from the introduction of movable type in Europe by Johannes Gutenberg to the present day. Typesetting in all European languages enjoys a long tradition of using spaces of varying widths for the express purpose of enhancing readability. American, English, French, and other European typesetters' style guides—also known as ''printers' rules''—specified spacing rules which were all essentially identical from the 18th century onwards. Early English language guides by Jacobi in the UK〔Jacobi, Charles Thomas (1890) ''Printing'' London: C. Whittingham; Jacobi, Charles Thomas (1892) ''Some Notes on Books and Printing; a Guide for Authors, Publishers, & Others, New and enl. Ed.'' London: C. Whittingham〕 and MacKellar, Harpel, Bishop, and De Vinne in the USA〔MacKellar, Thomas (1866) ''The American Printer: A Manual of Typography, Containing Complete Instructions for Beginners, as Well as Practical Directions for Managing Every Department of a Printing Office'' Philadelphia; MacKellar Smiths & Jordan; Harpel, Oscar (1870) ''Harpel's Typograph, or Book of Specimens Containing Useful Information, Suggestions and a Collection of Examples of Letterpress Job Printing Arranged for the Assistance of Master Printers, Amateurs, Apprentices, and Others'' Cincinnati Press; Bishop, Henry Gold (1895) ''The Practical Printer: A Book of Instruction for Beginners; a Book of Reference for the More Advanced, 3rd. ed.'' Albany; De Vinne, Theodore Low (1901) ''The Practice of Typography: correct composition: a treatise on spelling, abbreviations, the compounding and division of words, the proper use of figures and numerals. With observations on punctuation and proof-reading.'' New York, Century Co.〕 specified that sentences would be separated by more space than that of a normal word space. Spaces between sentences were to be em-spaced, and words would normally be 1/3 em-spaced, or occasionally 1/2 em-spaced (see illustration right). This remained standard for quite some time. MacKellar's ''The American Printer'' was the dominant language style guide in the US at the time and ran to at least 17 editions between 1866 and 1893, and De Vinne's ''The Practice of Typography'' was the undisputed global authority on English-language typesetting style from 1901 until well past Dowding's first formal alternative spacing suggestion in the mid-1950s. Both the American and the UK style guides also specified that spaces should be inserted between punctuation and text. The MacKellar guide described these as hairspaces but itself used a much wider space than was then commonly regarded as a hairspace.〔 Spaces following words or punctuation were subject to line breaks, and spaces between words and closely associated punctuation were non-breaking. Additionally, spaces were (and still are today) varied ''proportionally'' in width when justifying lines, originally by hand, later by machine, now usually by software. The spacing differences between traditional typesetting and modern conventional printing standards are easily observed by comparing two different versions of the same book, from the Mabinogion: # 1894: (the Badger-in-the-bag game )—traditional typesetting spacing rules: a single enlarged em-space between sentences # 1999: (the Badger-in-the-bag game )—modern mass-production commercial printing: a single word space between sentences The 1999 example demonstrates the current convention for published work. The 1894 version demonstrates thin-spaced words but em-spaced sentences. It also demonstrates spaces around punctuation according to the rules above and equivalent to French typesetting today. ==French and English spacing== With the advent of the typewriter in the late 19th century, French and English typists adopted approximations of standard spacing practices to fit the limitations of the typewriter itself. French typists used a single space between sentences, consistent with the typeset French spacing technique, whereas English typists used a double space. * ''French spacing'' inserted spaces around most punctuation marks, but single-spaced after sentences, colons, and semicolons.〔''Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l’Imprimerie nationale'', 3e édition, Imprimerie nationale, 1993〕 * ''English spacing'' removed spaces around most punctuation marks, but double-spaced after sentences, colons, and semicolons.〔Nelson, Julius (1949) ''Stylebook for Typists'' New York: Gregg Publishing Company〕 These approximations were taught and used as the standard typing techniques in French and English-speaking countries.〔Igot, Pierre (2006) ''(Microsoft Word and non-breaking spaces: French typography 101 )''〕 For example, T. S. Eliot typed rather than wrote the manuscript for his classic ''The Waste Land'' between 1920 and 1922, and used only English spacing throughout: double-spaced sentences.〔Gordon, Lyndall (1999) ''T.S. Eliot: An Imperfect Life'' W.W. Norton & Company; 1st American ed edition〕 ==Movement to single sentence spacing== A key change in the publishing industry from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century was the enormous growth of mass-produced books and magazines. Increasing commercial pressure to reduce the costs, complexity, and lead-time of printing deeply affected the industry, leading to a widening gap between commercial printing and fine printing.〔Keefe, H. J. (1939) ''A Century in Print'' London: Hazell Watson & Viney, Ltd.〕 For example, T. S. Eliot's ''The Waste Land'' was originally published by a high-volume commercial printer according to its house rules and it was not until its third publication that Eliot was satisfied with its typesetting.〔Rainey, Lawrence (2005) ''The Annotated Waste Land with Eliot's Contemporary Prose'' New Haven: Yale University Press〕 The underlying reasons were:〔 * ease and speed, since far less physical type and more importantly far less skilled effort was required * cost, since fewer man-hours were required and the condensed text required less paper; the bulk of the cost saving was typesetting-related rather than paper-use-related * cultural, since new typesetters (and readers) had grown up with typewriters and the standard typists' spacing approximations of good typesetting Before the First World War virtually all English-language books were printed following standard typesetters' spacing rules. By the end of the Second World War most American books and an increasing proportion of English books were printed following the typewriter's English spacing approximation rules.〔e.g., Standard typesetters' spacing rules: Linklater, Eric (1954) ''A year of space'' The Reprint Society, London; e.g., English spacing: Gordon, Richard (1955) ''Doctor in the House; Doctor at Sea'' The Reprint Society, London; e.g., English spacing: Leslie, Doris (1956) ''Peridot Flight'' The Book Club, London〕 Around this time, the practice of single spacing became more prevalent. There were various circumstances which could have contributed to the change. For example, there was an increase in high-volume low-cost mass-produced printing (e.g., newspapers, pulp-novels, magazines). Also, a significant innovation in the typewriter was the breaking of the typewriter "grid" in 1941. "The grid" referred to the uniform spacing of each letter space in the monospaced font used by the typewriter. In 1941, IBM introduced the ''Executive'', a typewriter that used proportional spacing by "breaking each cell of the grid into fifths." Although proportional fonts had been used in various forms in typesetting since the invention of movable type, this innovation broke the hold that the monospaced font had over the typewriter—reducing the severity of its mechanical limitations. Around the 1950s, single sentence spacing became the standard commercial practice in mass-print-runs in the United States. However, double sentence spacing approximations were retained some in higher-cost printed works. For example, for reasons of readability, the US government's 1959 official style guide mandated double sentence spacing in all government documents—whether produced by "Teletypesetter, reproduction or other method.":〔United States Government Printing Office Style Manual (1959), paragraph 2.36.1〕 Single sentence spacing was introduced by professional printers in the United Kingdom as well. The 1947 version of ''Penguin Composition Rules'' stated that all Penguin publications would adhere to the following rules: "All major punctuation marks – full point, colon, and semicolon – should be followed by the same spacing as is used throughout the rest of the line.". Until about the early 1990s,〔Siebenmann, Laurent (1993) ''(A Format Compilation Framework for European Languages )'', TUGboat, Volume 14, No. 3 – Proceedings of the 1993 Annual Meeting〕 double sentence spacing was still referred to as English spacing (or "American typewriter spacing"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of sentence spacing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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